Author: Kimran Gill
Editor: Savina Hui
Artist: Suzie Mishima
Following a series of fatal attacks on the public, the UK government banned the XL Bully breed in England and Wales. This decision has sparked debate about whether a dog’s breed is the primary factor influencing its behaviour, or if other factors, such as upbringing and environment, play a more significant role. In this article, I will explore the factors that determine a dog’s behaviour, and examine whether breed is truly the major influencing factor.
The recent ban on the XL Bully in the UK has raised questions about breed-specific aggression. Is the XL Bully inherently dangerous, or is irresponsible ownership and inadequate training more to blame? Originally bred for bull and bear baiting, and later for fighting, the XL Bully has since become a beloved household pet. Being a crossbreed, XL Bullies lack established Kennel Club breed standards, prompting the government to create its own criteria based on factors like head size, muzzle shape, and body proportions. This approach is problematic, as dogs with only slight differences from the designated XL Bully profile may be unfairly targeted, creating ambiguity in breed identification. Many large, powerful breeds possess similar traits, including strength and guarding instincts, but are not subject to the same scrutiny. Under the ban, XL Bullies must be neutered, and owners have been offered financial incentives to put down their pets. Animal shelters are now unable to rehome XL Bullies, leading to increased abandonment. These consequences highlight the importance of responsible ownership and proper training, highlighting that breed alone should not be blamed for negative behaviours such as aggression.
The nature vs. nurture debate in dog behaviour explores how both genetics and the environment help to mould a dog’s behaviour. While certain breeds, like Rottweilers, are often associated with traits such as aggression, it is unfair to stereotype dogs by breed alone, as breed is not the sole predictor of behaviour. Among the 155 most differentiated loci, the genes CDH9, DRD5, and HTR2A strongly influence behaviour that varies among breeds. Additionally, artificial selection has led to certain breeds being chosen for specific tasks by enhancing traits that help them excel in these roles. For example, Border Collies have been selectively bred for generations to herd livestock, resulting in instinctual behaviours such as controlling animal movement and heel-nipping. Though certain breed-based behaviours can be beneficial, breed alone does not define a dog’s behaviour. Many dogs within these “stereotyped” breeds exhibit friendly behaviour and are unfairly labelled with negative reputations. Ultimately, while genetics may predispose a dog to certain behaviours, a dog’s upbringing and socialisation both play a much larger role in determining whether it becomes a loyal companion or displays aggressive behaviour . Understanding both genetic and environmental influences enables owners to address their pets’ behaviours early on, helping dogs lead healthier, happier lives.
The period between three and twelve weeks of age, known as the sensitive socialisation period, is crucial for shaping a puppy’s behaviour, as this is when they are most receptive to learning. Early socialisation helps puppies build confidence as well as reduce their aggression and anxiety, since their reactivity and fear responses are highly adaptable during this time. Positive interactions with people, other animals, and exposure to various environments are essential for healthy development and building the trust that makes dogs “man’s best friend.” However, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly limited owners’ ability to socialise their puppies, as lockdowns prevented many from introducing their dogs to new people or attending training sessions, putting the long-term welfare of these ‘pandemic puppies’ at risk. Without adequate socialisation, dogs are more likely to react aggressively toward unfamiliar people or animals. The pandemic has shown how vital early socialisation is for puppies to grow into confident adult dogs, which is especially important for dogs training as guide or therapy dogs.
In conclusion, both genetics and the environment influence the behaviour of dogs. Although genetics may have a role in predisposing a dog to certain traits, socialisation and training are much more important in determining whether the dog becomes a threat or a friend. As a result of the XL Bully ban, we are reminded of the complexity of breed-specific behaviour, as well as the importance of responsible ownership and care, so that dogs do not have to suffer the consequences of human mismanagement.
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